Chiwonetserochi chikuwonetsa zovuta zina zomwe zimatha kuchitika ndi zinthu za polima ndi elastomeric zomwe zimakhala zosiyana ndi zomwe zimachitika ndi zisindikizo zachitsulo ndi zigawo zake.
Kulephera kwa zigawo za polima (pulasitiki ndi elastomeric) ndi zotsatira zake zingakhale zovuta kwambiri monga kulephera kwa zida zachitsulo.Zomwe zaperekedwa zikufotokozera zina mwazinthu zomwe zimakhudza zida za polima zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale.Izi zikugwiranso ntchito pa cholowa chinaO-mphete, chitoliro chokhala ndi mizere, pulasitiki yowonjezeredwa ndi fiber (FRP) ndi chitoliro chokhala ndi mizere.Zitsanzo za katundu monga kulowa, kutentha kwa galasi, ndi viscoelasticity ndi zotsatira zake zimakambidwa.
Pa January 28, 1986, tsoka la m’mlengalenga la Challenger linadabwitsa dziko lonse.Kuphulika kunachitika chifukwa O-ring siinasindikize bwino.
Zolakwika zomwe zafotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi zikuwonetsa zina mwazolakwika zomwe sizinali zitsulo zomwe zimakhudza zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale.Pankhani iliyonse, zinthu zofunika za polima zimakambidwa.
Ma Elastomers ali ndi kutentha kwa magalasi, komwe kumatanthauzidwa ngati "kutentha komwe zinthu za amorphous, monga galasi kapena polima, zimasintha kuchoka ku galasi lopanda magalasi kupita ku ductile state" [1].
Ma Elastomers ali ndi compression set - "amatanthauzidwa ngati kuchuluka kwa zovuta zomwe elastomer siingathe kuchira pakapita nthawi yokhazikika pa kutentha ndi kutentha" [2].Malinga ndi wolemba, kukakamiza kumatanthawuza kuthekera kwa mphira kubwerera ku mawonekedwe ake oyambirira.Nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa kuponderezana kumachepetsedwa ndi kukulitsa kwina komwe kumachitika mukamagwiritsa ntchito.Komabe, monga chitsanzo chili m’munsichi chikusonyezera, sizili choncho nthawi zonse.
Cholakwika 1: Kutentha kozungulira (36 ° F) isanayambike kunapangitsa kuti ma Viton O-rings osakwanira pa Space Shuttle Challenger.Monga tafotokozera m'mafukufuku osiyanasiyana a ngozi: "Pa kutentha pansi pa 50 ° F, Viton V747-75 O-ring siisinthika mokwanira kuti iwonetsetse kutseguka kwa kusiyana kwa mayeso" [3].Kutentha kwa kusintha kwa galasi kumapangitsa Challenger O-ring kulephera kusindikiza bwino.
Vuto 2: Zisindikizo zomwe zikuwonetsedwa muzithunzi 1 ndi 2 zimayikidwa makamaka ndi madzi ndi nthunzi.Zisindikizozo zidasonkhanitsidwa pamalowo pogwiritsa ntchito ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM).Komabe, akuyesa ma fluoroelastomers (FKM) monga Viton) ndi perfluoroelastomer (FFKM) monga Kalrez O-rings.Ngakhale kukula kumasiyana, mphete zonse za O zomwe zikuwonetsedwa pachithunzi 2 zimayamba kukula kofanana:
Zomwe zachitika?Kugwiritsa ntchito nthunzi kungakhale vuto kwa ma elastomers.Pazogwiritsa ntchito nthunzi pamwamba pa 250 ° F, kufutukuka ndi kufota kwa FKM ndi FFKM kuyenera kuganiziridwa pakuyika masanjidwe apangidwe.Ma elastomer osiyanasiyana ali ndi zabwino komanso zovuta zina, ngakhale zomwe zimakhala ndi kukana kwambiri kwamankhwala.Kusintha kulikonse kumafuna kusamalidwa bwino.
Zolemba zambiri pa elastomer.Nthawi zambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito ma elastomer pa kutentha pamwamba pa 250 ° F ndi pansi pa 35 ° F ndikopadera ndipo kungafunike kuyikapo kwa wopanga.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa mawonekedwe a elastomeric omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) imatha kusiyanitsa pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya elastomer, monga EPDM, FKM ndi FFKM yotchulidwa pamwambapa.Komabe, kuyesa kusiyanitsa gulu limodzi la FKM ndi lina kungakhale kovuta.Mphete za O zopangidwa ndi opanga osiyanasiyana zimatha kukhala ndi zodzaza zosiyanasiyana, mavulcanizations, ndi machiritso.Zonsezi zimakhudza kwambiri psinjika, kukana kwa mankhwala ndi makhalidwe otsika kutentha.
Ma polima amakhala ndi maunyolo aatali, obwerezabwereza omwe amalola kuti zakumwa zina zilowemo.Mosiyana ndi zitsulo, zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a crystalline, mamolekyu aatali amalumikizana wina ndi mzake ngati chingwe cha spaghetti yophika.Mwathupi, mamolekyu ang'onoang'ono monga madzi / nthunzi ndi mpweya amatha kulowa.Mamolekyu ena ndi ang'onoang'ono kuti agwirizane ndi mipata pakati pa maunyolo amodzi.
Kulephera 3: Nthawi zambiri, kulemba kusanthula kulephera kumayamba ndi kupeza zithunzi za magawowo.Komabe, pulasitiki yathyathyathya, yosinthika, yonunkhira mafuta yomwe idalandiridwa Lachisanu idasandulika chitoliro cholimba pofika Lolemba (nthawi yomwe chithunzicho chidajambulidwa).Chigawochi chikunenedwa kuti ndi jekete la polyethylene (PE) la chitoliro lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza zida zamagetsi pansi pa malo opangira mafuta.Chidutswa chapulasitiki chosinthika chomwe mwalandira sichinateteze chingwe.Kulowa kwa mafuta kunayambitsa kusintha kwa thupi, osati kwa mankhwala - chitoliro cha polyethylene sichinawonongeke.Komabe, m'pofunika kudutsa zochepa anafewetsa mapaipi.
Zolakwa 4. Malo ambiri ogulitsa mafakitale amagwiritsa ntchito mapaipi achitsulo opangidwa ndi Teflon pochiza madzi, chithandizo cha asidi komanso kumene kukhalapo kwa zonyansa zachitsulo sikumaphatikizidwa (mwachitsanzo, muzakudya).Mapaipi okhala ndi teflon ali ndi zolowera zomwe zimalola kuti madzi alowe mumpata wapakati pa chitsulo ndi chitsulocho kuti achoke.Komabe, mapaipi okhala ndi mizere amakhala ndi alumali moyo akagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yayitali.
Chithunzi 4 chikuwonetsa chitoliro chokhala ndi mizere ya Teflon chomwe chakhala chikugwiritsidwa ntchito popereka HCl kwa zaka zopitilira khumi.Kuchuluka kwazinthu zowonongeka kwachitsulo kumaunjikana mu malo a annular pakati pa liner ndi chitoliro chachitsulo.Chogulitsacho chinakankhira chinsalucho mkati, ndikupangitsa kuwonongeka monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 5. Kuwonongeka kwachitsulo kumapitirira mpaka chitolirocho chikuyamba kutuluka.
Kuphatikiza apo, kukwawa kumachitika pamtunda wa Teflon.Creep imatanthauzidwa ngati deformation (deformation) pansi pa katundu wokhazikika.Mofanana ndi zitsulo, kukwawa kwa ma polima kumawonjezeka ndi kutentha kwakukulu.Komabe, mosiyana ndi chitsulo, kukwawa kumachitika kutentha.Mwinamwake, pamene gawo la mtanda la flange likucheperachepera, ma bolts a chitoliro chachitsulo amawonjezedwa mpaka phokoso la mphete likuwonekera, lomwe likuwonetsedwa pa chithunzi.Kung'amba kozungulira kumawonetsanso chitoliro chachitsulo ku HCl.
Kulephera 5: Zingwe za polyethylene (HDPE) zolimba kwambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani amafuta ndi gasi kukonzanso mizere ya jakisoni yamadzi yachitsulo yazimbiri.Komabe, pali zofunikira zina zowongolera kuti muchepetse kuthamanga kwa liner.Zithunzi 6 ndi 7 zikuwonetsa mzere wolephera.Kuwonongeka kwa mzere umodzi wa valve kumachitika pamene kupanikizika kwa annulus kumaposa mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mkati - chingwecho chimalephera chifukwa cha kulowa.Kwa zingwe za HDPE, njira yabwino yopewera kulephera kumeneku ndikupewa kupsinjika mwachangu kwa chitoliro.
Kulimba kwa magawo a fiberglass kumachepa ndikugwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza.Zigawo zingapo zimatha kusweka ndikusweka pakapita nthawi.API 15 HR "High Pressure Fiberglass Linear Pipe" ili ndi mawu akuti 20% kusintha kwa kupanikizika ndiko kuyesa ndi kukonzanso malire.Ndime 13.1.2.8 ya Canadian Standard CSA Z662, Petroleum and Gas Pipeline Systems, ikunena kuti kusinthasintha kwamphamvu kuyenera kusamaliridwa ndi 20% ya mphamvu ya wopanga mapaipi.Kupanda kutero, kukakamiza kwapangidwe kumatha kuchepetsedwa mpaka 50%.Mukamapanga FRP ndi FRP yokhala ndi zotchingira, zolemetsa zozungulira ziyenera kuganiziridwa.
Cholakwika 6: Pansi (6 koloko) mbali ya chitoliro cha fiberglass (FRP) chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka madzi amchere chimakutidwa ndi polyethylene yochuluka kwambiri.Gawo lolephera, gawo labwino pambuyo pa kulephera, ndi gawo lachitatu (loyimira gawo la post-manufacturing) linayesedwa.Makamaka, gawo lalikulu la gawo lolephera linafaniziridwa ndi gawo la chitoliro chopangidwa kale cha kukula kwake (onani Zithunzi 8 ndi 9).Zindikirani kuti gawo lolephera pamtanda lili ndi ming'alu yayikulu ya intralaminar yomwe mulibe mutoliro lopangidwa.Delamination inachitika mu mapaipi atsopano komanso olephera.Delamination ndizofala mu fiberglass yokhala ndi magalasi apamwamba;Magalasi apamwamba amapereka mphamvu zambiri.Mapaipiwo anali ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu (kuposa 20%) ndipo adalephera chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma cyclic.
Chithunzi 9. Pano pali magawo awiri ophatikizika a fiberglass yomalizidwa mu chitoliro chapamwamba cha polyethylene chokhala ndi fiberglass.
Pakuyika pa malo, zigawo zing'onozing'ono za chitoliro zimagwirizanitsidwa - kugwirizana kumeneku ndi kofunikira.Nthawi zambiri, zidutswa ziwiri za chitoliro zimalumikizidwa palimodzi ndipo kusiyana pakati pa mapaipiwo kumadzazidwa ndi "putty."Malumikizidwewo amakulungidwa mu zigawo zingapo za fiberglass yokulirapo yokulirapo ndikuyikidwa ndi utomoni.Mbali yakunja ya mgwirizano iyenera kukhala ndi zokutira zitsulo zokwanira.
Zida zopanda zitsulo monga liners ndi fiberglass ndi viscoelastic.Ngakhale kuti khalidweli ndi lovuta kufotokoza, mawonetseredwe ake ndi ofala: kuwonongeka kawirikawiri kumachitika panthawi ya kukhazikitsa, koma kutayikira sikuchitika nthawi yomweyo."Viscoelasticity ndi chinthu chomwe chimawonetsa ma viscous komanso zotanuka zikapunduka.Zipangizo zowoneka bwino (monga uchi) zimalimbana ndi kumeta ubweya ndipo zimapunduka pakapita nthawi mukapanikizika.Zida zokometsera (monga zitsulo) zidzawonongeka nthawi yomweyo, komanso mwamsanga kubwerera ku chikhalidwe chawo choyambirira pambuyo pochotsa nkhawa.Zida za viscoelastic zili ndi zonse ziwiri motero zimawonetsa kusinthika kosiyanasiyana.Kusungunuka nthawi zambiri kumabwera chifukwa cha kutambasuka kwa ma bond motsatira ndege zamakristali m'zinthu zolimba, pomwe kukhuthala kumabwera chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa maatomu kapena mamolekyu mkati mwa zinthu za amorphous ” [4].
Magalasi a fiberglass ndi pulasitiki amafunikira chisamaliro chapadera pakuyika ndi kusamalira.Kupanda kutero, amatha kusweka ndipo kuwonongeka sikungawonekere mpaka patapita nthawi yayitali kuyesa kwa hydrostatic.
Zolephera zambiri zamagalasi a fiberglass zimachitika chifukwa chakuwonongeka pakuyika [5].Kuyesa kwa Hydrostatic ndikofunikira koma sikuzindikira kuwonongeka kwakung'ono komwe kungachitike mukamagwiritsa ntchito.
Chithunzi 10. Zowonetsedwa apa ndi zolumikizira zamkati (kumanzere) ndi zakunja (kumanja) pakati pa magawo a mapaipi a fiberglass.
Cholakwika 7. Chithunzi 10 chikuwonetsa kugwirizana kwa magawo awiri a mapaipi a fiberglass.Chithunzi 11 chikuwonetsa gawo la mtanda la kulumikizana.Kunja kwa chitoliro sikunali kulimbikitsidwa mokwanira ndi kusindikizidwa, ndipo chitolirocho chinasweka panthawi yoyendetsa.Malingaliro olimbikitsa olowa amaperekedwa mu DIN 16966, CSA Z662 ndi ASME NM.2.
Mapaipi a polyethylene olemera kwambiri ndi opepuka, osagwirizana ndi dzimbiri, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapaipi a gasi ndi madzi, kuphatikiza mapaipi amoto pamafakitole.Zolephera zambiri pamizere iyi zimalumikizidwa ndi zowonongeka zomwe zidalandiridwa pakukumba [6].Komabe, kulephera kwa kukula kwapang'onopang'ono (SCG) kumatha kuchitikanso pazovuta zochepa komanso zovuta zochepa.Malinga ndi malipoti, "SCG ndi njira yolephera yodziwika bwino pamapaipi apansi panthaka ya polyethylene (PE) yokhala ndi moyo wazaka 50" [7].
Cholakwa 8: SCG yapangidwa mu hose yamoto patatha zaka zoposa 20 ikugwiritsidwa ntchito.Kusweka kwake kuli ndi izi:
Kulephera kwa SCG kumadziwika ndi fracture pattern: imakhala ndi mapindikidwe ochepa ndipo imachitika chifukwa cha mphete zambiri.Pamene dera la SCG likuwonjezeka kufika pafupifupi 2 x 1.5 mainchesi, ming'aluyo imafalikira mofulumira ndipo mawonekedwe a macroscopic amakhala osadziwika bwino (Zithunzi 12-14).Mzerewu ukhoza kukumana ndi kusintha kwa katundu woposa 10% sabata iliyonse.Malumikizidwe akale a HDPE adanenedwa kuti ndi osagwirizana kwambiri ndi kulephera chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa katundu kuposa mafupa akale a HDPE [8].Komabe, malo omwe alipo akuyenera kuganizira zopanga SCG monga zaka zozimitsa moto za HDPE.
Chithunzi 12. Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa komwe T-nthambi imadutsana ndi chitoliro chachikulu, ndikupanga mng'alu womwe ukuwonetsedwa ndi muvi wofiira.
Mpunga.14. Pano mukhoza kuwona pafupi ndi fracture pamwamba pa nthambi yooneka ngati T ku chitoliro chachikulu chooneka ngati T.Pali ming'alu yoonekeratu pamtunda wamkati.
Mitsuko Yapakatikati (IBCs) ndi yoyenera kusungira ndi kunyamula mankhwala ang'onoang'ono (Chithunzi 15).Iwo ndi odalirika kwambiri moti n'zosavuta kuiwala kuti kulephera kwawo kungayambitse ngozi yaikulu.Komabe, kulephera kwa MDS kungayambitse kutayika kwakukulu kwachuma, zina zomwe zimawunikidwa ndi olemba.Zolephera zambiri zimayamba chifukwa cha kusagwira bwino [9-11].Ngakhale IBC ikuwoneka yosavuta kuyang'ana, ming'alu ya HDPE chifukwa cha kusagwira bwino ndizovuta kuzindikira.Kwa oyang'anira katundu m'makampani omwe nthawi zambiri amanyamula zotengera zambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi zinthu zoopsa, kuyang'anira pafupipafupi komanso mosamalitsa kunja ndi mkati ndikofunikira.ku United States.
Kuwonongeka kwa Ultraviolet (UV) ndi ukalamba ndizofala mu ma polima.Izi zikutanthauza kuti tiyenera kutsatira mosamala malangizo osungira O-ring ndi kuganizira mmene moyo wa zigawo zakunja monga akasinja otseguka pamwamba ndi dziwe linings.Ngakhale tikufunika kukhathamiritsa (kuchepetsa) bajeti yokonza, kuyang'ana kwina kwa zigawo zakunja ndikofunikira, makamaka zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa (Chithunzi 16).
Makhalidwe monga kutentha kwa magalasi osinthika, kupanikizika kwa seti, kulowa mkati, kutentha kwa chipinda, kutsekemera kwachangu, kufalikira kwapang'onopang'ono, ndi zina zotero.Kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zofunika kwambiri zisamalidwe moyenera komanso moyenera, zinthuzi ziyenera kuganiziridwa, ndipo ma polima ayenera kudziwa zazinthu izi.
Olembawo akufuna kuthokoza makasitomala anzeru ndi ogwira nawo ntchito pogawana zomwe apeza ndi makampani.
1. Lewis Sr., Richard J., Hawley's Concise Dictionary of Chemistry, kope la 12, Thomas Press International, London, UK, 1992.
2. Kochokera pa intaneti: https://promo.parker.com/promotionsite/oring-ehandbook/us/en/ehome/laboratory-compression-set.
3. Lach, Cynthia L., Zotsatira za Kutentha ndi O-Ring Surface Treatment pa Kusindikiza Kukhoza kwa Viton V747-75.NASA Technical Paper 3391, 1993, https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940013602.pdf.
5. Zochita Zabwino Kwambiri kwa Opanga Mafuta ndi Gasi ku Canada (CAPP), "Kugwiritsa Ntchito Paipi Yowonjezereka (Yopanda Metallic)," April 2017.
6. Maupin J. ndi Mamun M. Kulephera, Zowopsa ndi Zowopsa za Kusanthula kwa Pipe ya Pulasitiki, DOT Project No. 194, 2009.
7. Xiangpeng Luo, Jianfeng Shi ndi Jingyan Zheng, Njira Zopangira Slow Crack Growth mu Polyethylene: Finite Element Methods, 2015 ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, Boston, MA, 2015.
8. Oliphant, K., Conrad, M., ndi Bryce, W., Kutopa kwa Pipe ya Madzi a Plastiki: Ndemanga Zaumisiri ndi Malangizo a Kutopa Kupanga kwa PE4710 Pipe, Technical Report m'malo mwa Plastic Pipe Association, May 2012.
9. Malangizo a CBA/SIA pa Kusungirako Zamadzimadzi M'mitsuko Yapakatikati, ICB Yotulutsidwa 2, Okutobala 2018 Pa intaneti: www.chemical.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ibc-guidance-issue-2- 2018-1.pdf.
10. Beale, Christopher J., Way, Charter, Zomwe Zimayambitsa IBC Leaks mu Chemical Plants - Analysis of Operating Experience, Seminar Series No. 154, IChemE, Rugby, UK, 2008, pa intaneti: https://www.icheme.org/media/9737/xx-paper-42.pdf.
11. Madden, D., Kusamalira Ma Tote a IBC: Malangizo Asanu Oti Muwapange Otsiriza, aikidwa mu Bulk Containers, IBC Totes, Sustainability, yolembedwa pa blog.containerexchanger.com, September 15, 2018.
Ana Benz ndi Chief Engineer ku IRISNDT (5311 86th Street, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6E 5T8; Phone: 780-577-4481; Imelo: [imelo yotetezedwa]).Anagwira ntchito ngati corrosion, kulephera komanso kuyendera katswiri kwa zaka 24.Zomwe adakumana nazo zimaphatikizapo kuyang'anira pogwiritsa ntchito njira zapamwamba zowunikira komanso kukonza mapulogalamu owunikira zomera.Mercedes-Benz imagwiritsa ntchito makampani opanga mankhwala, mafakitale a petrochemical, zomera za feteleza ndi faifi tambala padziko lonse lapansi, komanso mafakitale opanga mafuta ndi gasi.Analandira digiri ya uinjiniya wa zinthu kuchokera ku Universidad Simon Bolivar ku Venezuela ndi digiri ya master mu engineering ya zida kuchokera ku yunivesite ya British Columbia.Ali ndi ziphaso zingapo za Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB) zoyesa zosawononga, komanso satifiketi ya API 510 ndi satifiketi ya CWB Group Level 3.Benz anali membala wa NACE Edmonton Executive Branch kwa zaka 15 ndipo m'mbuyomu adatumikira m'malo osiyanasiyana ndi Edmonton Branch Canadian Welding Society.
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